Follow this rule whatever the final consonant. Thus write,
最後の子音が何であれこのルールを守ること。したがって次のように書く。
Charles’s friend
Burns’s poems
the witch’s malice
This is the usage of the United States Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press.
これがUnited States Government Printing OfficeおよびOxford University Pressでの用法である。
Exceptions are the possessives of ancient proper names in -es and -is, the possessive Jesus’, and such forms as for conscience’ sake, for righteousness’ sake. But such forms as Achilles’ heel, Moses’ laws, Isis’ temple are commonly replaced by
例外は、古来の固有名詞で-esと-isで終わるものの場合だ。例えば所有格のJesus’や、for conscience’ sake, for righteousness’ sakeといった形式だ。しかしAchilles’ heel, Moses’ laws, Isis’ templeといった形式は、たいてい次のように置き換えられる。
the heel of Achilles
the laws of Moses
the temple of Isis
The pronominal possessives hers, its, theirs, yours, and oneself have no apostrophe.
代名詞の所有格であるhers, its, theirs, yoursおよびoneselfにはアポストロフィを付けない。
Thus write,
したがってこう書く。
red, white, and blue
honest, energetic, but headstrong
He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.
This is also the usage of the Government Printing Office and of the Oxford University Press.
これもGovernment Printing OfficeおよびOxford University Pressでの用法である。
In the names of business firms the last comma is omitted, as
企業の名称では、最後のカンマは次のように省略される。
Brown, Shipley and Company
The abbreviation etc., even if only a single term comes before it, is always preceded by a comma.
etc.という略語は、もしもその前にあるのが単独の語句だったとしても、常に直前にカンマを付ける。
The best way to see a country, unless you are pressed for time, is to travel on foot.
This rule is difficult to apply; it is frequently hard to decide whether a single word, such as however, or a brief phrase, is or is not parenthetic. If the interruption to the flow of the sentence is but slight, the writer may safely omit the commas. But whether the interruption be slight or considerable, he must never omit one comma and leave the other. Such punctuation as
このルールは適用するのが難しい。howeverのように単独の語や短い語句が、挿入句（parenthetic）なのかどうかは、見極めにくいことがよくある。もし文の流れにわずかしか割り込まないのであれば、カンマを省略しても問題ない。しかし割り込みがわずかであろうと相当であろうと、カンマを1つだけ略して他をそのままにするということは許されない。
Marjorie’s husband, Colonel Nelson paid us a visit yesterday,
or
あるいは
My brother you will be pleased to hear, is now in perfect health,
is indefensible.
のような句読点の打ち方は、弁護の余地なく誤りだ。
Non-restrictive relative clauses are, in accordance with this rule, set off by commas.
非制限的関係節（Non-restrictive relative clauses）は、このルールに従ってカンマで区切られる。
The audience, which had at first been indifferent, became more and more interested.
Similar clauses introduced by where and when are similarly punctuated.
whereおよびwhenによって導入される同様の節も、同様に句読点を打つ。
In 1769, when Napoleon was born, Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.
Nether Stowey, where Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, is a few miles from Bridgewater.
In these sentences the clauses introduced by which, when, and where are non-restrictive; they do not limit the application of the words on which they depend, but add, parenthetically, statements supplementing those in the principal clauses. Each sentence is a combination of two statements which might have been made independently.
これらの文において、which, whenおよびwhereによって導かれる節は非制限的だ。これらの節は従属している語の適用を制限せずに、挿入句的に平叙文（statements）を付け加えて主部を補う。各文はそれぞれ独立可能な2つの平叙文の組み合わせから成っている。
The audience was at first indifferent. Later it became more and more interested.
Napoleon was born in 1769. At that time Corsica had but recently been acquired by France.
Coleridge wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at Nether Stowey. Nether Stowey is only a few miles from Bridgewater.
Restrictive relative clauses are not set off by commas.
制限的な関係節（Restrictive relative clauses）はカンマで区切らない。
The candidate who best meets these requirements will obtain the place.
In this sentence the relative clause restricts the application of the word candidate to a single person. Unlike those above, the sentence cannot be split into two independent statements.
この文では、単独の人物に対するcandidateという語の適用を、関係節が制限している。これまでの例とは異なり、この文は2つの独立した平叙文に分離できない。
The abbreviations etc. and jr. are always preceded by a comma, and except at the end of a sentence, followed by one.
etc.あるいはjr.という略称は、常に直前にカンマがくる。そして文末にあるときを除いて常に直後にカンマがくる。
Similar in principle to the enclosing of parenthetic expressions between commas is the setting off by commas of phrases or dependent clauses preceding or following the main clause of a sentence. The sentences quoted in this section and under Rules 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, and 18 should afford sufficient guidance.
挿入句的表現をカンマで囲むのと基本的には同様に、文の主部のすぐ前あるいはすぐ後にくる句または従属節は、カンマで区切る。このセクションのルール4, 5, 6, 7, 16および18で引用された文が十分な説明となるだろう。
If a parenthetic expression is preceded by a conjunction, place the first comma before the conjunction, not after it.
もし挿入句的な表現の前に接続詞が置かれているなら、最初のカンマを接続詞の後ではなく前に置くこと。
He saw us coming, and unaware that we had learned of his treachery, greeted us with a smile.
The early records of the city have disappeared, and the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.
Sentences of this type, isolated from their context, may seem to be in need of rewriting. As they make complete sense when the comma is reached, the second clause has the appearance of an after-thought. Further, and, is the least specific of connectives. Used between independent clauses, it indicates only that a relation exists between them without defining that relation. In the example above, the relation is that of cause and result. The two sentences might be rewritten:
この種の文は、文脈を別にすれば、書き直す必要があるかのように見えるかもしれない。これらの文はカンマに達したときに完全に意味を成すので、2番目の節は追加表現のように見える。そのうえ、andは接続詞のなかで最もあいまいなものだ。独立した節の間で使われた場合、2つの節に何らかの関係があることを示すが、その関係がどのようなものであるかをはっきり示さない。上記の例では、両者の関係は原因と結果だ。2つの文は次のように書き換えられる：
As the early records of the city have disappeared, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
Although the situation is perilous, there is still one chance of escape.
Or the subordinate clauses might be replaced by phrases:
もしくは、従属節を句で置き換えてもよい：
Owing to the disappearance of the early records of the city, the story of its first years can no longer be reconstructed.
In this perilous situation, there is still one chance of escape.
But a writer may err by making his sentences too uniformly compact and periodic, and an occasional loose sentence prevents the style from becoming too formal and gives the reader a certain relief. Consequently, loose sentences of the type first quoted are common in easy, unstudied writing. But a writer should be careful not to construct too many of his sentences after this pattern (see Rule 14).
しかし書き手は、文をあまりに満遍なく短く掉尾文調（periodic）にしてしまうという間違いを犯すかもしれないし、ところどころに緩い文があると文体が極端に堅苦しくはならず、読み手はそれなりの息抜きができる。よって、最初に引用したような緩い文は、気楽で自然体な書き物でよくみられる。しかし書き手は、あまり多くの文をこのパターンで書いてしまわないよう、注意しなければならない（ルール14を参照）。
Two-part sentences of which the second member is introduced by as (in the sense of because), for, or, nor, and while (in the sense of and at the same time) likewise require a comma before the conjunction.
2つの部分から成り、2番目の部分が（becauseの意の）as, for, or, norおよび（and at the same timeの意の）whileで始まる文も同様に、接続詞の前にカンマが必要となる。
If a dependent clause, or an introductory phrase requiring to be set off by a comma, precedes the second independent clause, no comma is needed after the conjunction.
もし、従属節またはカンマで区切られるべき導入句が、2番目の独立した節（主節）の前にある場合は、接続詞の後にカンマは必要ない。
The situation is perilous, but if we are prepared to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.
For two-part sentences connected by an adverb, see the next section.
副詞で接続された、2つの部分から成る文については、次のセクションを参照。
If two or more clauses, grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction, are to form a single compound sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon.
もし、文法上完全でかつ接続詞で接続されていない2つ以上の節が、単一の複合文を構成するときは、句読点として正しい記号はセミコロンだ。
Stevenson’s romances are entertaining; they are full of exciting adventures.
It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark.
It is of course equally correct to write the above as two sentences each, replacing the semicolons by periods.
もちろん上記を、セミコロンをピリオドに置き換えてそれぞれ2つの文として書くのも正しい。
Stevenson’s romances are entertaining. They are full of exciting adventures.
It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark.
If a conjunction is inserted, the proper mark is a comma (Rule 4).
もし接続詞が挿入されたなら、適切な記号はカンマとなる（ルール4）。
Stevenson’s romances are entertaining, for they are full of exciting adventures.
It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark.
note that if the second clause is preceded by an adverb, such as accordingly, besides, so, then, therefore, or thus, and not by a conjunction, the semicolon is still required.
ここで注意。もし2番目の節の前に、接続詞ではなく、accordingly, besides, so, then, thereforeまたはthusといった副詞がきていたら、やはりセミコロンが必要になる。
I had never been in the place before; so I had difficulty in finding my way about.
In general, however, it is best, in writing, to avoid using so in this manner; there is danger that the writer who uses it at all may use it too often. A simple correction, usually serviceable, is to omit the word so, and begin the first clause with as:
しかしながら一般的には、ライティングにおいてはこのようなやり方でsoを使うことは避けるのが最善だ。危険なことに、それを少しでも使う書き手は、使いすぎの気がある。これを直すための、簡単でたいてい役に立つ方法は、soという単語を使わずに、最初の節をasで始めることだ：
As I had never been in the place before, I had difficulty in finding my way about.
If the clauses are very short, and are alike in form, a comma is usually permissible:
もし節がとても短くて、互いに形式が似ていたら、カンマでも通常は差し支えない：
Man proposes, God disposes.
The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up.
In other words, do not use periods for commas.
別の言い方をすれば、カンマの代わりにピリオドを使ってはならない。
I met them on a Cunard liner several years ago. Coming home from Liverpool to New York.
He was an interesting talker. A man who had traveled all over the world, and lived in half a dozen countries.
In both these examples, the first period should be replaced by a comma, and the following word begun with a small letter.
これらの例のどちらにおいても、最初のピリオドはカンマで置き換えられるべきで、続く語は小文字で始まるべきだ。
It is permissible to make an emphatic word or expression serve the purpose of a sentence and to punctuate it accordingly:
文の目的に合わせて語や表現を強調し、そのために句読点を打つことは許容される。
Again and again he called out. No reply.
The writer must, however, be certain that the emphasis is warranted, and that he will not be suspected of a mere blunder in punctuation.
しかしながら書き手は、その強調が正当なものであることに、そして単に句読点の打ち方を間違えているのではないかと疑われないことに、確信がなければならない。
Rules 3, 4, 5, and 6 cover the most important principles in the punctuation of ordinary sentences; they should be so thoroughly mastered that their application becomes second nature.
ルール3, 4, 5および6は、通常の文の句読法における最も重要な原則をカバーする。これらの原則は完全にマスターし、第二の天性のように習慣として使いこなせなければならない。
Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.
The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman. If the writer wishes to make it refer to the woman, he must recast the sentence:
walkingという語は文の主語を受けており、womanを受けてはいない。もし書き手がそれでwomanを受けるようにしたいのであれば、文を書き直さなければならない：
He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.
Participial phrases preceded by a conjunction or by a preposition, nouns in apposition, adjectives, and adjective phrases come under the same rule if they begin the sentence.
接続詞または前置詞が前にきている分詞句、同格の名詞、形容詞、形容詞句は、それらが文頭にある場合、同じルールに従う。
On arriving in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.
When he arrived (or, On his arrival) in Chicago, his friends met him at the station.
A soldier of proved valor, they entrusted him with the defence of the city.
A soldier of proved valor, he was entrusted with the defence of the city.
Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me.
Young and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.
Without a friend to counsel him, the temptation proved irresistible.
Without a friend to counsel him, he found the temptation irresistible.
Sentences violating this rule are often ludicrous.
このルールに違反した文は、たいてい滑稽なものだ。
Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap.
If there is room at the end of a line for one or more syllables of a word, but not for the whole word, divide the word, unless this involves cutting off only a single letter, or cutting off only two letters of a long word. No hard and fast rule for all words can be laid down. The principles most frequently applicable are:
もし行末に、語のうちの1音節以上が入る余裕があるが、語全体が入るほどの余裕はない場合、語を分割する。ただし1文字だけを切り落としたり、長い語の2文字だけを切り落としたりするようなことになってはいけない。どんな語にも適用できる、確実で手間いらずのルールを定めることはできない。適用できる場合が最も多い原則は次のものだ：
Divide the word according to its formation:
語の構成によって分割する：
know-ledge (not knowl-edge); Shake-speare (not Shakes-peare); de-scribe (not des-cribe); atmo-sphere (not atmos-phere);
Divide “on the vowel:”
「母音の上で」分割する：
edi-ble (not ed-ible); propo-sition; ordi-nary; espe-cial; reli-gious; oppo-nents; regu-lar; classi-fi-ca-tion (three divisions possible); deco-rative; presi-dent;
Divide between double letters, unless they come at the end of the simple form of the word:
二重になった文字の間で分割する、ただし語中の単純な構造の最後にくる場合を除く：
Apen-nines; Cincin-nati; refer-ring; but tell-ing.
The treatment of consonants in combination is best shown from examples:
組み合わさった子音の扱いは、例を見るのが一番だろう：
for-tune; pic-ture; presump-tuous; illus-tration; sub-stan-tial (either division); indus-try; instruc-tion; sug-ges-tion; incen-diary.
The student will do well to examine the syllable-division in a number of pages of any carefully printed book.
丁寧に印刷された本の何ページにもわたって音節の分割を調べるという仕事を、学生は見事にこなすだろう。